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ŞANLIURFA TARİHÇESİ   

Şanlıurfa, (eski adıyla: Er-Ruha veya Edessa), Türkiye'nin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde bulunan bir şehridir. M.Ö. 1. binyıldan beri sürekli olarak meskûn olan kent, yakın döneme kadar Urfa adıyla anılmış, ancak 12 haziran 1984'de TBMM kararıyla "Şanlı" ünvanını edinmiştir. Şanlıurfa ilinin merkezidir. Urfa ve civarında Cilalı Taş Devri'nden beri yerleşilmektedir. Göbeklitepe Höyüğü, M.Ö. 11. yüzyılda kullanılan Dünya'nın bilinen en eski mabetinin bulunduğu yerdir. Urfa Kur'an, İncil ve Tonah (Eski ahit/Tevrat)'ta geçen İbrahim peygamberin, doğum yeri olarak kabul edilir ve anısına Camii de bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Peygamber Eyüp'ün de (İncil ve Eski ahitte Job) doğum yeri olarak kabul edilir.[1] Urfa kent merkezinin altında bugünkü Balıklıgöl'ün kuzeyinde yapılan bir keşif sonucu, Urfa kent merkezi tarihinin MÖ. 9500'e Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Döneme kadar uzandığı görülmüştür. 11.500 yıllık tarihi süreç içerisinde Ebla, Akkad, Sümer, Babil, Hitit, Hurri-Mitanni, Arami, Asur, Pers, Makedonya, Roma, Bizans gibi uygarlıkların egemenlikleri altında yaşamıştır. Urfa, 1094 yılında Selçuklu hakimiyetine girmiştir. 1098'de Haçlı Edessa Kontluğu, daha sonra Eyyubi, Memluk, Türkmen aşiretleri, Timur devleti, Akkoyunlular, Dulkadir beyliği, Safeviler ve en son da 1516'da Osmanlı sınırları içine katılmıştır. Önceleri Rakka Eyaleti sınırları içerisinde yer alan Urfa, 1876'da Halep Vilayetine bağlanmış, 1916'da ise bağımsız bir sancak olmuştur. Turistik Yerleri : Balıklıgöl [değiştir] Balıklıgöl, (Aynzeliha ve Halil-Ür Rahman Gölleri) Şanlıurfa şehir merkezinin güneybatısında yer alan ve İbrahim Peygamberin ateşe atıldığında düştüğü yer olarak bilinen bu iki göl, kutsal balıkları ve çevrelerindeki tarihi eserler ile Şanlıurfa'nın en çok ziyaretçi çeken yerlerindendir. Eski Şehir [değiştir] Kent merkezi Ortadoğu tarzında son derece canlı bir Çarşı etrafında gelişmiştir. Geleneksel mimari doku kısmen yozlaşmış olmakla birlikte, sokak aralarında birçok yerde çarpıcı güzelliğe sahip eski yapılara rastlanır. En güzel eski evlerden biri Şurkav (Şanlı Urfa Kültür ve Araştırma Vakfı) tarafından restore edilen Şurkav Kültür Evi'dir. Göbeklitepe [değiştir] Şanlıurfa'ya 20 km'lik bir mesafede, Örencik Köyü yakınlarında Tarihi MÖ 11 bin yıllarına uzanan, tapınma amaçlı törensel alanlara ait mimari kalıntılar, dikili taşlar ve üzerinde kabartmalı yabani hayvan ve bitki figürlerinin bulunduğu Göbeklitepe Höyüğünde Cilalı Taş Devri'nden kalma mabet vardır. Harran [değiştir] M.Ö. 2000 yılında Ur şehrinin bir ticari kolu olarak kurulduğuna inanılan Harran'ın Sümerce veya Akatça kervan veya geçit yeri anlamına gelen "Harran-U” kelimesinden türediği düşünülmektedir. Moğol İstilasında yıkılan tarihi Harran Üniversitesinin harabeleri ile tarihi Harran evleri görülebilir. Selahaddin Eyyubi Camii [değiştir] Şanlıurfa’da Vali Fuat Bey Caddesi’nde (Yeniyol) bulunan Selahattin Eyyubi Camisi’nin bulunduğu yerde Piskopos Nona tarafından 457 yılında yaptırılan Aziz Yuhannes (Vaftizci Yahya) Kilisesi bulunuyordu. Bu yapı aynı zamanda Adalet Sarayı olarak da kullanılmıştır. Selahattin Eyyubi döneminde bu kilisenin üzerine 900–1250 yılları arasında Selahattin Eyyubi Camisi yapılmıştır. Kilise kesme taştan dikdörtgen planlı ve üç nefli ve bazilika plan düzeninde yapılmıştır. Kilisenin üzeri içten beşik tonoz, dıştan da düz dam ile örtülüdür. Neflerin orta bölümü yan neflerden daha geniş ve daha yüksektir. Girişi batı yönünde olup, burada yedi bölümlü bir narteks bulunmaktadır. Camiye çevrildikten sonra narteks son cemaat yeri olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu bölüm altı yuvarlak sütuna dayanmaktadır. İbadet mekânı oldukça geniş ölçüde pencerelerle aydınlatılmıştır. Bu pencerelerin kenarlarında yarım sütunlar ve birbirlerine dolanmış ejder kabartmaları bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca yarım sütunların başlıkları üzerindeki haç taşıyan azizler ve kuş figürleri de yapının camiye çevrilmesinden sonra sıva ile kapatılmıştır. Bunun dışında yapı içerisinde herhangi bir bezemeye rastlanmamaktadır. Kilisenin apsisi yarım kubbelidir. Bunlardan orta apsis yan apsislere beşik tonozlu koridorlarla bağlanmıştır. Apsisler Suriye bazilikalarında görüldüğü gibi dışarıya çıkıntılı olmayıp, düz bir duvar şeklindedir. Yan apsislere bitişik olarak beşik tonozlu pastoforium (papaz hücreleri) eklenmiştir. Bu kilise ile ilgili eski fotoğraflarda yanında mezarlık bulunduğu ve kilisenin de düz bir çatı ile örtülü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yapı uzun yıllar harap durumda kalmış, bir ara elektrik santrali olarak kullanılmış ve 28 Mayıs 1993’te onarılarak Selahattin Eyyubi Camisi olarak ibadete açılmıştır. Ulucami [değiştir] 1175 tarihinde Musul hükümdarı Nureddin Zengi tarafından kiliseden çevirilmiştir. Daha önce çan kulesi olan minaresi sekizgendir. Aslen havra olarak inşa edilmiştir.
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